2. The evolution of 3-D printing
3-D printing has undergone a three-phase evolution
process. In phase one, architects, artists, and prod-
uct designers used 3-D printing technology to make
prototypes or mockups of new designs. Most 3-D
printing still revolves around the manufacturing of
prototypes and mockups. 3-D printers have several key advantages in de-
veloping prototypes and mockups, including (1) ease
158 B. Berman
T able 2. Characteristics of 3-D manufacturing
Advantages of 3-D Printing in Comparison to Other T echnologies
/C15Can economically build custom products in small quantities as if mass production were used. Sources of cost effectiveness include:
/C14 No need for costly tools, molds, or punches
/C14 No scrap, milling, or sanding requirements
/C14 Automated manufacturing
/C14 Use of readily available supplies
/C14 Ability to recycle waste material
/C14 Minimal inventory risk as there is no unsold finished goods inventory
/C14 Improved working capital management as goods are paid for before being manufactured
/C15Ability to easily share designs and outsource manufacturing
/C15Speed and ease of designing and modifying products
Important 3-D Printing Applications
Small Production Run Applications of 3-D Printing
/C15Mass-customized products
/C15Prototypes
/C15Replacement parts
/C15Medical/Dental applications
Medium Production Run Applications of 3-D Printing
/C15Bridge manufacturing
Current Limitations of 3-D Printing
/C15Higher costs for large production runs relative to injection molding and other technologies
/C15Reduced choice for materials, colors, and surface finishes
/C15Lower precision relative to other technologies
/C15Limited strength, resistance to heat and moisture, and color stability